The Economics Of Globalization In South Korea

Introduction Globalization is a phenomenon that has had a variety of effects on different countries in the world and to which all countries have reacted to just as differently. South Korea is one of the countries that has greatly benefitted from free trade and open markets. Within the span of three decades, South Korea transformed itself from a developing country suffering the after-effects of war to a country that can compete with the developed nations of the West.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Economics Of Globalization In South Korea specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At the end of the Second World War, there was great turbulence in Korea which was as yet officially undivided. Korea gained independence from Japan who had ceded to the United States in 1945. There was a struggle between the North and the South; it was a pit against communist Russia against anti-communist America and the end result was a tor n Korea with the South going to the Americans and the North in the hands of the Russians. This would greatly influence the two states’ economic growth because of their responses to international trade. South Korea between 1980 and 1990 Business cycles General Park had an ambitious plan for South Korea, to transform it from a mediocre third world country into a competitive economy on the international platform. His vision was achieved through sheer grit and careful planning that was implemented in three and five year phases. This saw the country survive the post Korean war crisis into a stabilizing economy at the beginning of the eighties decade. At the beginning of the eighties decade, Park implemented another phase of his plans; the focus was moved from labor intensive industries toward the heavy and chemical industries (HCI). President Park used the ‘Chaebols’ to achieve his industrialization aspirations. The Chaebol system constituted the building up of export oriented industries focusing on six major sectors namely steel, petrochemicals, shipbuilding industry, electronics, machinery and non-ferrous metals. This was coupled with discouraging labor unions that fought for the workers’ rights. It demonstrated how heavy handed and authoritative Chung Park was as a ruler. His approach to tackling dissent was quelling it instead of trying to work out the underlying issues (Kim, pg 455). In the earlier part of the eighties, South Korea’s growth hit a snag due to a confluence of factors. The most pressing of this was the international oil shock that resulted in oil prices rising to six times their original value. Because of the high cost of production, there was a corresponding decrease in demand for South Korea’s exports. The factors that contributed to the economic downturn of the late eighties could be pinned down primarily to the decline of the Chaebols which had grown extensively and had become too big to run and manage effectively. There was also stiff competition from other industries that were unrelated to the HCIs such as agriculture. With South Korea’s wealth came higher costs of living which resulted in the rise cost of human labor. Chaebols also faced competition from other Asian countries on the international market that had cheaper labor with their major competition being China who still had access to cheap human labor (Guillen, pg 213).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At the same time, there was the rapid growth of the building industry in the Middle East which saw South Korea’s casual laborer’s flocking to these countries and creating a deficit in the former. The wages paid to laborers became higher, crippling the industry further. There were more than three hundred thousand casual laborers who left the country in search of greener pastures abroad. Trade Fo r the Chaebols, their growth was promoted by giving tax subsidies, being granted to subsidized public services as well as being given priority when it came to financing their projects. This approach was detrimental to small to medium sized industries which did not flourish as much as the Chaebols did. It resulted in a skewered distribution of assets, as compared to the earlier years since the wealthy Chaebols owners ended up with higher incomes. The Chaebols with widest sphere of influence were: Hyundai, a force in automobiles, engineering, construction, shipbuilding and industrial activity as well as the finance sector. Samsung specialized in electronics, petrochemicals, and construction. LG’s focus was on home appliances, electronics, petrochemicals and chemicals (Lewis Amadu, pg 58). Another step that Mr. Park took was protecting the domestic market from the invasion of cheap foreign goods so as to foster growth. This was done by levying heavy import taxes on goods that were being produced market so that homemade products could be more affordable to the consumer (Lewis Amadu, pg 62). The negative impact of the Chaebols was that they increased the discrepancies between the already existing social classes and exacerbated an already tense situation. Though the GNP went up to almost six times what it had been in the seventies, literacy was on the rise with university enrollments three times what they had been in the previous decade, the gap between those in the lower income brackets and the rich had widened considerably. The angst that authoritarian Park had managed to quench in past came to the fore. There were further demonstrations from students and those in lower income brackets (Lewis Amadu, pg 215). Exchange rates and monetary policy The result of all these things happening at the same time was an occurrence of high inflation rates which in turn led to the South Korean currency, the won, being re-evaluated. Because of the easy credit availabili ty, the country borrowed heavily worsening the inflation trends and for a while, it appeared as though the country would sink into a very deep financial hole (Adelman Robinson, pg 97). Because of the upheavals in the economy towards the end of the seventies, Korea embarked the eighties with heavy foreign debt as well as high inflation. To counter this, she embarked on a stabilization program. This involved cutting down on the incentives that had initially been offered to the Chaebols while at the same time introducing an incomes policy. This was the right step to take because it laid down the foundations for South Korea’s lasting economic prowess (Ihm, pg 168).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Economics Of Globalization In South Korea specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With the liberalization of financial markets, there was a corresponding rise in interest rates which in turn led to greater domestic sa vings (Ihm, pg 168). All along South Korea had been an authoritarian state with resounding economic success but limited democracy. The slow economic growth experienced in the mid eighties resulted in political unrest because there was no democratic foundation. The political atmosphere was heavily dependent on economic performance. Change came in 1987 when rebellions and revolutions led to the tearing down of authoritarian rule that had oppressed the country for so long (Guillen, pg 88). The problem that had started emerging in the seventies concerning the distribution of wealth became more apparent. While on the whole things looked rosy, with a GNP that could be compared to Western developed nations, extremely low mortality rates and life expectancy that matched that of New Zealand, there was the underlying problem of an emergent super-wealthy class and a dissatisfaction of those in the lower income brackets (Lewis Amadu, pg 174). South Korea: 2005 to 2009 Business cycles South Kor ea has had her fair share of ups and downs in the economic sector and in her quest for economic superiority on the international platform. In this quest, there have been mistakes made that have cost the country greatly. The most recent and most severe economic crisis that the country has had to face so far has been the collapse of the Asian economy in 1997. This revealed the fault lines resulting from poor financial practices such as having a high debt to equity ratio, borrowing heavily from other countries and lack of control over the financial institutions- the banks- which backed poor unserviceable loans. The result was a 6.9% plunge in GDP by 1998. Other than the Asian financial crisis, this was also blamed on South Korea’s autocracy (James Amadu, pg 188). But South Korea is still a force to reckon with on the international scene. A member of the Organization of Economic and Cooperative Development (OECD), it is the country with the eighth highest volume of export in th e World surpassing Canada, Russia and the United Kingdo, as well as being the fourth largest economy in Asia (Heritage Foundation, n.p). Trade and labor markets The Chaebols that were instituted by General Park and which contribute towards South Korea’s rapid economic growth in the seventies and eighties are still growing strong, contributing to the bulk of the country’s industry oriented export business. The ten largest Chaebols by 2009 were Samsung Electronics, Hyundai Motor, Korea Electric Power, POSCO, Samsung Life Insurance, KB financial Group, Hyundai Mobis, LG electronics and LG chemicals (Heritage Foundation, n.p).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The country, as of 2009, was the number one shipbuilder globally and had the largest volume of oil exports in all of Asia. Her major trading partners are the United States, European Union, China and Japan. This has been aided by the fact that in recent years, the country has been more open to the idea of free trade and lowered restrictions that had previously guarded her domestic market. The tariffs that were placed on imports have been revised to create a more amicable trading atmosphere with her trade partners (CIA, n.p). South Korea has readily embraced the digital age, being ranked at number one as having the highest Digital Opportunity Index (DOI). An indication of the country’s heavy digital leaning is the fact that globally, it is the country with the highest internet access per capita (CIA, n.p). In the transportation and energy sector, the country has an advanced and comprehensive infrastructure made up of air routes, road, railway and waterways. The country is linke d by the high speed railway that runs between major cities and and an underground railway system that links other cities in the country (CIA, n.p). Exchange rates and monetary policy In the more recent years, reforms in both the banking and industrial sectors have seen to safer and better financial practices. By 2006, the country had a labor force of 23.77 million, with a low unemployment rate of only 3.3%. The country had had a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of $US 24, 200 (CIA, n.p). Economic freedom in South Korea according to the World Bank, is relatively high. The country is ranked at position 31 globally, with a percentage score of 69.9. this has been manage through constant revision of tax laws and tariffs to make them more competitive as well as transacting businesses in an open manner to alleviate distrust and suspicion. The country’s President, Lee Myung-bak, who came into office in 2008 promised to work towards freeing the economy even further to allow the country t o be more competitive. The challenges that the country faces towards its strive for economic freedom are corruption as well as inflexibility in the labor market (Heritage Foundation, n.p). Long term economic growth One of the issues that South Korea is still grappling with is the equitable distribution of resources because though the country has a high GDP, 15% of the total population live in poverty. There are the superrich who while making up only 10% of the population, carry 25% of the national wealth and at the other extreme end, are those in the lowest income brackets making up 10% but only carrying 3% of the national wealth (Global Education, n.p). South Korea still works with the tariff system with an average weighted tariff that stood at 7.1% by 2007. Hindrance to trade results in extra expenses that are brought about by unreasonable tariffs, restrictions put on imports and exports, barriers to accessing the service market and regulations that are not very transparent (Herit age Foundation, n.p). The economic downturn that has seen most world economies in a shamble has not greatly affected the country. The inflation rate of the won has been kept under control, staying at an average of 3.9% for the period 2006 to 2008. This has been partly because there was quick response on the part of South Korea to the changes in the international market and inflation pressures (Heritage Foundation, n.p). The literacy levels in the country are very high, standing at 97.9%. education is greatly valued in the country and is provided free until one attains the age of fourteen or fifteen. South Korea is the country with the highest percentage of teenagers who go through with their secondary school education. As a result of this, there is greater gender equity as more and more women get opportunities in the job market. The percentage of women who make up the workforce stands at forty one (Global Education, n.p). Recommendations Though South Korea’s economic growth h as been commendable, there are factors that work against this. These are such as the country’s very rigid labor regulations, the necessity of a buffing up their financial institutions and financial markets as well as greater straightforwardness in transactions. What should be done is to go lax on the confounding labor regulations, open up the country to Foreign Direct Investment by moving away from protecting the domestic market-an action that served its part in the past, as well as reforming the taxation system. All these actions would go a long way in keeping up with the growth that has been witnessed by Korea in all these years (Lipsky, n.p). Conclusion South Korea has witnessed its share of ups and downs in the economic sector but remains a stellar example of how positively globalization can affect a nation; there are high standards of living with the per capita income standing at US $20,000, high levels of literacy and high life expectancy. South Korea can further increa se her economic productiveness on the international scene by reforming its taxation and labor regulations as well as participating more actively in free market trade and encouraging foreign direct investment. Works Cited Adelman, Irma and Susan, Robinson. Income Distribution Policies in Developing Countries: The Case of Korea. Stanford University Press, 1978. Print. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). â€Å"South Korea.† The World Factbook Undated . Web.. Guillen, Mauro. The limits of Convergence: Globalization and Organizational Change in Argentina, South Korea, and Spain. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001. Print. Global Education. â€Å"South Korea.† Global Education Undated . Web. Ihm, Chon-Sun. â€Å"South Korea’s Economic Development.† Social Studies 79.4 (1988): 165-169. Print. James, Lewis, and Sesay Amadu. Korea and Globalization: Politics, Economics and Culture. New York: Routledge, 2002. Print. Kim, Jung. â€Å"The Political Logic of E conomics Crisis in South Korea.† Asian Survey (2005): 453-474. Print. Lipsky John. â€Å"Reconstructing the World Economy.† International Monetary Fund 25 Feb. 2010. Web. The Heritage Foundation. â€Å"South Korea: information on economic freedom.† heritage.org undated . Web. This report on The Economics Of Globalization In South Korea was written and submitted by user Madyson R. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Bills Lesson on Speaking and Pronouncing English Words

Bills Lesson on Speaking and Pronouncing English Words Introduction This treatise offers a comprehensive critique of the lesson taught by Bill, the teacher, in an elementary classroom. The lesson is about speaking and pronunciation of English words by learners who are learning to speak in English.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Bill’s Lesson on Speaking and Pronouncing English Words specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Bill makes good use of the dialogue frame as the primary tool for practising speaking and pronunciation in the multicultural class environment. Bill also uses the white board in an interactive lesson delivery approach to the young adult learners. The lesson in taught in English language through the use of productive and receptive skills via the ESA model of lesson delivery. Bill’s lesson was perfect since it was angled on complete learner engagement in an interactive process that accommodates the learning needs of each student. At the end of the lesson, the learners showed competency in speaking and pronouncing the English words taught in the most appropriate manner. Theory The entire framework of Bill’s lesson in based on the inductive approach. Bill begins the interesting lesson through displaying series of facial expressions that depicts different moods after which the learners are expected to speak before he offers the correct pronunciation and explanation. This approach works perfectly in the elementary class as all the learners are engaged and seems very interested in what Bill has to say next. This approach may also be referred to as the Practice, Production, and Presentation Model as the focus of the lesson is on the ability to properly pronounce and speak some English words with the right tone (Harmer, 2007).Advertising Looking for critical writing on languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Explicit Talk about Language The less on delivered by Bill was created to test pronunciation and reading skills among the learners of English as a secondary language. The lesson was delivered in a progressive manner within the Practice, Production, and Presentation model. The learners seemed to enjoy the topic and were fully engaged from the beginning to the end since Bill’s style of lesson delivery was characterised by humour and use of very practical examples. The pronunciation was made very simple through application of tonal variation to create different meaning for words in a sentence. Bill used the example of describing an experience in the cinema hall through person reflection about immediate environment and occurrences during the event. This gives Bill the opportunity to introduce different descriptive words since the learners could relate to the topic (Harmer, 2007). As the lesson begun, Bill allowed the learners to read the words written on the whiteboard without interjection. Bill was keen on allowing the learners to pronounce the words with periodic interruptions whenever he noticed gross misspelling since the lesson was focused on checking the learners’ ability to correctly pronounce some words and read them properly. As indicated by Harmer (2007), allowing learners to pronounce words on their own without constant interruption is instrumental towards building the self confidence and oral proficiency of the students. Though Bill encourages free participation of all the learners, he is careful to apply the guided participation approach to ensure that the learners remain objective in contributing in the class.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Bill’s Lesson on Speaking and Pronouncing English Words specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In order to keep learners from feeling out of place, the lesson objective adopts an inclusive education and interactive lesson session where every student is expec ted to contribute equally. During the practical assessment of the learners through direct participation, Bill was careful to pair the learners and gives room for higher Student Talking Time (STT) while regulating the Teacher Talking Time (TTT). Bill was very successful in ensuring that every learner participates in the STT. Through description of how each learner spent his or her previous evening, the confidence level of each learner was strong as they freely express themselves with their pronunciation skills (Harmer, 2007). The instructor is careful to guide the learners when he proposes the STT. The success of Bill’s lesson could be attributed to his ability to give clear instructions, application of guided participation, and proactive delivery methods. The focus of Bill’s lesson captured series of concepts on pronunciation and speaking of different English words within the right tonal variations. Through use of the cinema experience, Bill was able to introduce diffe rent tonal variations in pronouncing certain words that have different meanings. Bloom outlined the hierarchy of cognitive objectives of learning; from simple to complex as knowledge (remembering information), comprehension (ability to acquire meaning from the information), application (ability to use the information), analysis (ability to break information into parts to understand it better), synthesis (ability to consolidated materials together to create something new), and evaluation (ability to check, judge, and critique materials) (Harmer, 2007). Due to bilingual nature of learners in this class, several instructional challenges were encountered by Bill in the process of implementing the lesson objectives. To begin with, basic understanding of English as an art varied among.Advertising Looking for critical writing on languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, it was important to incorporate simple English vocabulary and sentence structure in explaining some words used in the class. The lesson adopted a practical, interactive, and inclusive learning to minimize impact of the above impediments. In addition to STT learning, Bill applied flashcards, cue-response drill, and brainstorm to teach vocabulary to the learners. For instance, Bill constantly used different facial expressions to describe their meanings such as sadness, smile, and happiness among others. Moreover, Bill instructed the learners to apply the dialogue simulation through oral presentation. When correcting the mistakes made by the learners (inability to correctly use present and past tenses), Bill uses oral presentation to ensure that the students internalise construction of different English words and phrases (Harmer, 2007). In addition, Bill has been successful in applying the repetition approach to improve the memory of the learners through repeated pronunciati on of certain words. Through stressing some words and balancing the intonation in application, Bill was successful in applying the freer and controlled practices in delivering the lesson. The teacher’s role The lesson delivered by Bill was systematically structured and delivered in a humorous way to maximize level of learner engagement. As the instructor, Bill was clear, practical, and focused in delivering the lesson content through the STT format. Bill does not shy away from the interactive learning. Besides, Bill uses facial expressions and practical examples to ensure that the lesson in a success. Inclusion Bill applied flashcards, cue-response drill, and brainstorm strategies to teach the learners on proper pronunciation and speaking correct English. Through the whiteboard, Bill was able to apply the Presentation, Practice, and Production approach to ensure that the STT is maximised. Concluding Sentence The lesson delivered by Bill is a perfect example of a pronunciation and reading class that demonstrates the significance of STT and PPT in lesson delivery as part of scaffold learning in a dynamic classroom environment. Reference Harmer, J. (2007). The practice of English language teaching (4th ed.). Harlow, UK: Pearsons Longman.

How to Use Possessive Nouns for ESL Learners

How to Use Possessive Nouns for ESL Learners Possessive nouns are used to show ownership. In other words, possessive nouns indicate that something belongs to someone. Possessive nouns are always placed directly before the  noun they modify. Formation and Examples of Possessive Nouns Possessive nouns are often proper names, but can also be objects or ideas. Examples Jennifers coat is beautiful!Peters house is on the corner of the next street.The books pages are made of plastic.The theorys application has been tested in India. The formation of possessive nouns is sometimes confusing to students. The reason for this is that many languages commonly use of for this construction. While of can sometimes be used in place of possessive nouns, it is not nearly as common in English as in other languages. Examples The color of his shirt NOT shirts colorThe ball of his dog NOT his dogs ball In everyday English, however, we generally use possessive nouns rather than this of form. Possessive Nouns Possessive nouns modify other nouns to indicate possession. Examples Peters motorcycleThe buildings structure Form the possessive noun by placing an apostrophe () after the noun s. Peter - Peters motorcyclebuilding - buildings structure When nouns end in s it can be difficult to know where to place the s for the possessive noun. For nouns ending in s, or to use the possessive noun with regular plurals, place the apostrophe directly after the s. Do not add another s. Parents - parents concern for their childrenComputers - computers manufacturer The placement of the apostrophe in a possessive pronoun indicates whether the possessive noun refers to the singular or the plural form. Notice that this construction can change the meaning from singular to plural. Examples The cats favorite food is tuna. (one cat)The cats favorite food is tuna. (more than one cat) Possessive Noun Checklist Possessive nouns are used with proper names, objects, and ideasPlace possessive nouns directly before the noun they modifyForm the possessive noun using an apostrophe before s in the singularForm plural possessive nouns by placing an apostrophe after sNote the placement of an apostrophe to check whether the possessive pronoun is singular or plural

Nursing in a Day Surgery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nursing in a Day Surgery - Essay Example In order to do this the discussion will first of define pain, because it not objective as many nurses and health practioners may believe. In fact it is a very subjective term. The discussion will end by considering the problems in the UK when dealing with patient's whose wishes are hard to discern and whether we should be administering pain relief methods without proper consent. It is this balance between whether nurses, as myself, should be acting on the wishes of the doctors and the establishment or the patient's wishes and concerns. This is because speed and cost efficiency should not be a determining factor in a patient's health, rather if a person who has varicose vein surgery is more suited for overnight care this should be considered. Pain was found to be the major concern for patients undergoing surgery and they wanted access to information both verbally and through written communication (Taylor. H. 2001). Patients have evinced interest in knowing the details of their recovery and realistic accounts of discomfort that they can expect. Addressing the cognitive component of pain is easily done through patient education (Carr C.J. Ellois. 2001). An audit at the Warwick Hospital found that although patient education booklets were available, the APS refrained from giving out this information. Besides, patients were not consulted in the development of the services Patients usually felt better and less ... Many used past experiences as reference for their expectations. Some studies found that patients had lower expectations of post-surgical pain. Patients also had a number of misconception related to the use of analgesia. This led to under usage of drugs and poor pain management. Understanding these factors can help nurses develop educational manuals for patients and help in better pain management (Taylor). H. 2001). The NIH has given Guidelines for the preparation of patient education and state the all communication must be, "clear, cost-effective, straightforward, modern, accessible, honest and respectful."(DoH, 2001) The Royal College and the Anaesthetic Association reported that 44% of hospitals had some form acute care services and 79% used modern analgesic techniques to manage pain (Carr C.J. Ellois. 2001.) A study of hospital services declares pain prevention to be one of the 10 most important indicators of care quality. (Susan M, 2003) While the need for management is acknowledged, the resources allocated for the function were found to be inadequate. In a significant finding, the Clinical Standards Advisory Group found that although 81% of the functions involve nursing care and 7% of these were headed by nurses there was lack of specialized nursing care in the chronic pain department. The situation was further made worse by inadequate funding. (Pain Society, 2001) Health professionals currently are found to have deficits in knowledge and skills for proper pain management. Nursing care is often found to be influenced by attitude of patients, their culture and value systems. (Redorbit.com, 2006) . The Services for Patients with Pain, in

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 29

Case study - Essay Example The fact that the business has existed for numerous years makes the renovations as proposed by Jason inevitable. Similarly, narrowing the business’ target market as proposed by Bradley would enhance its operations thus improving the profitability of the company. Mr. Lynch must therefore consider the possibility of consolidating the two approaches with the view of enhancing the longevity of the business and quelling the differences between his sons. Renovating the pub will place it in the modern society. The renovation will seek to satisfy the demands of the modern day customer. In renovating and expanding the pub, the management must consider the demands of the modern day customer thus safeguarding such features as convenient and comfort. As stated earlier, renovating the pub is inevitable. This implies that Mr. Lynch and his two sons must determine the most appropriate ways of renovating the pub thus positioning the business strategically in the modern society. While doing this, the management must narrow the pub’s target market a feature that will enhance the management. In doing this, Mr. Lynch must consider the importance of diversity in enhancing the profitability and longevity of business in the contemporary market. In expanding and renovating the pub, Mr. Lynch can therefore develop a section of the pub and permit Bradley to customize it strategically for its LGBT target market. Jason should then manage the other section that targets the general consumer. This way, the business diversifies its services while safeguarding the peace and unity of the two siblings. Such is an appropriate approach that will serve as an effective marketing research and analysis tool that will provide the two sons with the most appropriate trends in the market thus enabling the two to change the structure of their business based on the response of the market. Diversity is

Medical Malpractice :: Medicine Lawsuits Canada Health Care

Medical Malpractice The doctor-patient relationship has been defined differently through the years. In the beginning it developed into a "common calling" which meant doctors practiced medicine as a duty to their patients. Laws were developed to protect patients, therefore doctors used proper care and expert skill. In the past six centuries, medical malpractice has increased, which lead to revision and addition to the law. Liability was introduced along with the "GIANT of all torts", negligence. Now in today's society, a doctor's duty is to use reasonable care, skill and judgment in the practice of his/her profession and when negligent, take full responsibility. What is malpractice? Malpractice is negligence. Negligence is a tort. A tort is a civil wrong, therefore malpractice is a civil wrong. In its simplest terms, malpractice has four essential elements: 1) Duty. Every health care provider assumes a duty when starting consultations, diagnosis, or treatment of a patient. The duty arises from an expressed or implied contract. 2) Breach. For example, if you fail to make a correct diagnosis once you have assumed the duty to do so, you have created a "breach of duty", due and owing to the patient. 3) Causal Connection. Your failure to correctly diagnose, ("duty" you "breached") the duty due and owing to the patient and as a direct and proximate cause of your breach, caused damages. 4) Damages. The result of your failure to diagnose correctly, the patient sustained damages in the form of an additional hospital stay, complications that may or may not be of a permanent and continuing nature. (Brooten Jr., Kenneth E. p. 1) Negligence is the most common civil suit filed against doctors. Liability for negligence will not be found unless the following factors are present: (a) the defendant must owe a duty to the plaintiff to exercise care; (b) the defendant must breach the standard of care established by law for his/her conduct; (c) the plaintiff must suffer loss or injury as a result of this breach; (d) the conduct of the defendant must be the "proximate cause" of the plaintiff's loss or injury. ( Picard, Ellen I. p. 29) In the case of Adderly v. Bremner (Picard, Ellen I. p. 461) the defendant physician was negligent in not changing the syringes to vaccinate 38 patients and instead used one needle for every two patients. As a consequence, the plaintiff was infected with septicemia (blood poisoning). This doctor failed to give the required standard of care. Any reasonable doctor would have in fact changed the syringe after each patient and would have foreseen the consequences for not changing them.

Final Lab Report Sample

Date Performed: July 30, 2012 EXPERIMENT NO. 10 COMPOSITION OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE ABSTRACT The aim of the experiment was to look for the percentage composition of the elements present in the decomposition of potassium chlorate (KClO3) and to find out what the residue after heating was. After performing the experiment the researchers found out that there were about 66. 14% of potassium chloride (KCl) in KClO3, and they also deducted that the residue was actually KCl. _____________________________________________________________________________________Introduction Total mass of the Element/Compound   (Part)Total mass of Compound (Whole) ? 100 The formula above is the formula used to determine the percentage composition of an individual element in a compound. In this experiment, the researchers are both going to solve for the theoretical percentage composition and the experimental percentage composition of elements/ ions. The theoretical percent composition is solved using a known for mula compound and an experimental percent composition is solved using data identified in the experiment.The goal of this experiment is to formulate a diminutive percentage error as possible, which is solved using the formula below. Theoretical value-Experimental valueTheoretical value ? 100 The compound that they are going to use in this experiment is KCl or potassium chlorate. Potassium chlorate, when heated to high temperatures would form this equation: 2KClO? (s) ? 2KCl (s)+3O? (g) Procedure The experiment was composed of two parts. The first part was for determining the percentage composition of potassium chlorate.First, the researchers made sure that the crucible, which would be used throughout the experiment, was dry, so they heated it on a clay triangle for 2-3 minutes. Next, they let the crucible cool down a bit and then weighed it together with its cover. Then they added 1. 196 g of potassium chlorate into the crucible, placed its lid and then weighed it. After that, they h eated the crucible again on the clay triangle for 8 minutes with its bottom 2. 5-3 inches away from the flame. They heated it for another 10 minutes, that time adding a little bit of distance between the flame and crucible bottom.They allowed the crucible to cool for about 10 minutes. Then they reweighed the sample for 6 more minutes, cooled it and then weighed it again. In the second part of the experiment, they took 3 test tubes, one containing a small amount of potassium chloride, one with a like amount of potassium chlorate, and one that contained a solution obtained from adding distilled water to the crucible, that was used in the first part of the experiment, and heated it for about a minute, and then they added 10 ml of distilled water to each and stirred.In each of the tubes, they added 5 drops of dilute (6 M) nitric acid and 5 drops of 0. 1 M silver nitrate solution, then stirred each test tube and observed carefully. Results and Discussion On the first part of the experime nt, the researchers started off with the crucible with the sample that weighed 37. 184 g. , after the first heating, the mass decreased and became 37. 093 g. , after the second heating, the mass decreased again and became 36. 787 g. , the difference between the two wasn’t less than 0. 05 g. , so they had to reheat.After the third heating, the weight became 36. 779 g. , their difference was within 0. 05 g. so no more heating is required. After calculating, the researchers found out that the theoretical percentage of oxygen in KClO3 is 39. 17% and that the experimental percentage of oxygen they got in KClO3 was 33. 86%. On the other hand they also found out that theoretical percentage of KCl in KClO3 is 60. 83% and that their experimental percentage of KCl in KClO3 was 66. 14%. and that the experimental attempt to get the percentage of oxygen in KClO3 had an error of 8. 3%. On the second part of the experiment when 5 drops of dilute (6 M) nitric acid and 5 drops of (0. 1 M) sil ver nitrate solution were added to the solution of the residue and distilled water, potassium chloride solution, and potassium chlorate solution, all of them turned cloudy with white precipitate in them which indicated that chloride ions were present which lead to the deduction that the residue was actually KCl. 1. Mass of crucible + cover| 35. 988g. | 2. Mass of crucible + cover + sample before heating| 37. 84 g. | 3. Mass of crucible + cover + residue after 1st heating| 37. 093 g. | 4. Mass of crucible + cover + residue after 2nd heating| 36. 787 g. | 5. Mass of crucible + cover + residue after 3rd heating| 36. 779 g. | 6. Mass of original sample=37. 184? 35. 988=1. 196| 1. 196 g. | 7. Total mass lost during heating=37. 184? 36. 779=0. 405| 0. 405 g. | 8. Final mass of residue=1. 196? 0. 405=0. 791| 0. 791 g. | 9. Experimental percent oxygen in KClO3=0. 4051. 196? 100=0. 3386? 100=33. 86%| 33. 6%| 10. Experimental percent KCl in KClO3=0. 7911. 196? 100=0. 6614? 100=66. 14%| 66. 14 %| 11. Theoretical percent oxygen in KClO3=3(16. 00)39. 10+35. 45+3(16. 00)? 100=48122. 55? 100=0. 3917? 100=39. 17%| 39. 17%| 12. Theoretical percent KCl in KClO3=39. 10+35. 4539. 10+35. 45+3(16. 00)? 100=74. 55122. 55? 100=0. 6083? 100=60. 83%| 60. 83%| 13. Percent error in experimental % oxygen determination=60. 83-66. 1460. 83? 100=-5. 3160. 83? 100=-0. 0873? 100=8. 73%| 8. 73%| Conclusion and RecommendationAs seen above, the experimental percent gotten by the researchers wasn’t that far off from the theoretical value, and they ended up with a percent error of 8. 73%. That’s not a high percent error, but in chemistry, where accuracy is very vital, that amount is already considered high. One of the factors that led them to a high percentage error was that they used a different balance for the weighing of #4 and #5 in the table. For further experimentation, the researchers suggest that only one balance would be used throughout the experiment.It is also important to k eep the crucible steady so that spattering won’t happen during heating. Because when spattering does happen, mass lost would no longer be accurate. References * Book: Hein, MORRIS, et al. , FOUNDATIONS OF CHEMISTRY IN THE LABORATORY FOR SCIENCES (CUSTOM EDITION), 12th ed. , Singapore129809, 2009 Appendix 1. Mass of original sample= (mass of the crucible + cover + sample before heating) – (mass of crucible + cover)| 2. Total mass lost during heating= (mass of the crucible + cover + sample before heating) – (mass of the crucible + cover + after 3rd heating)| 3.Final mass of residue= mass of original sample – total mass lost during heating| 4. Experimental percent oxygen in KClO3=total mass lost during heatingmass of original sample? 100| 5. Experimental percent KCl in KClO3=final mass of residuemass of original sample? 100| 6. Theoretical percent oxygen in KClO3=molar mass of O? molar mass of KClO 100| 7. Theoretical percent KCl in KClO3=molar mass of KClmo lar mass of KClO 100| 8. Percent error in experimental % oxygen determination=theoretical value-experimental valuetheoretical value? 100|